EMCC Biology Test 2 Practice

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• In which part of the cell do ribosomes primarily function in protein synthesis?
• What structure is defined as a membrane-bound compartment containing tightly packaged chromosomal DNA?
• What is the term for a solution with a lower concentration of a solute compared to another solution?
• What are the structures called that help in moving fluid along the epithelial lining of the lungs?
• What is the optimal temperature for human enzymes?
• What role do cilia serve in epithelial cells of the lungs?
• Tetrodotoxin affects sodium transport in neurons. What is the most likely action this poison takes?
• In what situation would you expect increased cell adhesion molecule expression?
• How are anabolic and catabolic reactions classified in terms of energy?
• If Na+ levels were depleted in the extracellular fluid, what effect would it have on glucose movement?
• What is the net result of one cycle of the sodium-potassium pump?
• What is the primary reason cardiac muscle has prolonged contraction?
• From where does the energy used by humans ultimately originate?
• What occurs in individuals with normal blood sugar levels regarding glucose reabsorption?
• What type of structure is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum primarily involved in synthesizing?
• What is primarily responsible for the fluidity of the plasma membrane?
• Why is energy described as being lost in the context of cellular respiration?
• What are the organic nonprotein components that assist in enzyme function called?
• What do competitive inhibitors typically compete with?
• Which structure is involved in transport of glucose in the kidneys?
• The suppression of hexokinase activity by glucose 6-phosphate, which binds to a site distinct from the active site, is an example of what phenomenon?
• The study of all chemical reactions in living systems is referred to as what?
• What defines a selectively permeable membrane?
• What step in glycolysis is identified as being heavily regulated for controlling metabolic flux?
• Who is credited with first describing cells?
• Major histocompatibility complex is crucial for a T-cell's ability to:
• What term describes the change in shape of an enzyme when the substrate is bound to it?
• How can you overcome the interference of a competitive inhibitor in a reaction?
• What is the definition of energy in biological terms?
• What is the cell-supporting structure that consists of fibers such as actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments?
• What cellular structure is reformed when a cell divides?
• What is the delta G for the reaction 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP yields 3-phosphoglycerate plus ATP?
• Mitochondrial disorders can be caused by mutations in all the following except ____
• Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the other organelles besides the nucleus that contains ___
• In eukaryotes, mitochondria are primarily involved in which function?
• What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
• What happens to the activation energy of a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme?
• Is the conversion of substrate A into product B by an enzyme an example of a metabolic pathway?
• In which scenario would the rate of diffusion of molecules be fastest?
• What would indicate that a reaction is endergonic?
• The plasma membrane is primarily composed of which substances?
• What mechanism does transferrin use to enter cells, as indicated by the presence of clathrin-coated vesicles?
• If Protein X has its N-terminus facing the lumen of the ER, where will this part face after exocytosis?
• Where in a plant cell is carbon dioxide consumed?
• What is the first committed step of the glycolysis metabolic pathway?
• What does it mean when chemical A is said to be oxidized?
• What is the main function of ribosomes in cells?
• Why is photosynthesis considered an endergonic reaction?
• What type of bonds do water molecules form with the polar end of a phospholipid?
• What does high levels of AMP in cells indicate regarding ATP levels?
• Which pump is crucial for establishing the sodium concentration gradient necessary for neuronal signaling?
• What type of salt solution should be used to lyse red blood cells?
• What is osmosis?
• What is the role of a substrate in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
• Which process involves the transformation of energy into a more useful form?
• What is the semifluid matrix that surrounds organelles in a cell called?
• What is a crucial cellular structure that must be included in an artificial cell for minimal essential functions?
• What happens to membrane fluidity at lower temperatures?
• What condition is observed when a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic environment?
• What structure is responsible for the synthesis of proteins within a cell?
• Which process does NOT involve the use of energy (ATP) from the cell?
• What process explains the uptake of phosphate by plant cells when its concentration reaches a saturation point?
• What can be done to slow down an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
• What is the primary reason ATP is important to metabolism?
• If ATP production is blocked, what type of transport would be most affected?
• What effect do drug-resistance mutations have on enzyme activity?
• What is the main difference between mitochondria and chloroplasts?
• What are RNA molecules that act as enzymes called?
• How do changes in membrane potential affect sodium channels during neuronal signaling?
• How many membranes does ATP pass through when moving from the mitochondrion to the cytoplasm?
• Which statement is true about macromolecules in our diet?
• During the reduction of NAD+, what is produced?
• What allows Sulfolobus archaea to thrive in high temperatures?
• During protein synthesis, what role does rRNA play?
• Which organelles are responsible for breaking down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen?
• A molecule resembling the shape of a substrate for an enzyme likely acts as what?
• In which process would a cell take in nutrients secreted by neighboring cells?
• What primary function do gap junctions serve in cardiac muscle tissue?
• What cellular structure would be enlarged in cells that produce a lot of lipids for membranes?
• How does the surface area to volume ratio change as cells increase in size?
• Which type of protein is embedded in the cell membrane in both active transport and facilitated transport?
• Which ion's movement is influenced by the membrane potential in cells?
• What impact does temperature have on enzyme activity?
• The cytoplasmic space in eukaryotic cells is filled with structures that perform specific functions called:
• What role do glycoproteins play in cell membranes?
• What is a characteristic of the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes?
• Which organelle is responsible for calcium storage linked to cardiac muscle contraction?
• A drug that binds to the active site of an enzyme and prevents substrate binding is known as a ________.
• Cilia and flagella of eukaryotes are composed of ___
• Which type of transport requires energy to move molecules across a membrane?
• What is the main effect of fluidity on the plasma membrane?
• How is a lipid bilayer primarily formed?
• What type of reaction is photosynthesis classified as?
• During what phase can chromosomes be seen as condensed structures under a light microscope?
• What is the main distinguishing feature of ribozymes compared to typical enzymes?
• The organelle involved in the oxygen-requiring process by which the energy harvested from macromolecules is used to generate ATP is the ___
• If a drug inhibits bacterial flagella, what ability would the bacteria lose?
• Which protein classes are not typically found in the membrane?
• What is expected to happen when a cell with a selectively permeable membrane is placed in water after being filled with glucose?
• What role does ATP play in the regulation of phosphofructokinase (PFK)?
• Which part of the phospholipid molecule is hydrophilic?
• Which line represents the reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase that lowers activation energy?
• What are ribosomes primarily made up of?
• Which of the following statements about active transport is true?
• What allows the passage of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus?
• What happens to body temperature if the kinetic energy of molecules inside the body is increased?
• What term describes the network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm?
• When an atom or molecule gains electrons, it is said to be what?
• Which organelle is associated with malfunctions leading to adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD)?
• Glucose is converted into glucose 6-phosphate in a series of reactions. This series is an example of what?
• What are peroxisomes classified as?
• Which of the following best describes the importance of enzymes?
• The amount of energy available to do work in a biological system is known as what?
• What type of energy is considered 'free energy' in cells?
• What types of molecules act as marker molecules on the outer surface of the plasma membrane?
• What is an example of potential energy in the context of a roller coaster?
• What is the purpose of cell adhesion molecules during diapedesis?
• What is the primary function of tacrolimus (FK-506) in cellular processes?
• Which organism is least affected by antibiotics that block cell wall synthesis?
• Why do we need to convert glucose into ATP during metabolism?
• What initiates the sodium-potassium pump?
• Why do we have storage macromolecules such as fats in our bodies?
• How do mutations in enzymes contribute to drug resistance?
• Which of the following cellular structures lacks a membrane?
• How are the tails and heads of membrane phospholipids oriented in their environment?
• What happens to the activity of phosphofructokinase (PFK) when ATP levels are high?
• To capture 3-D images of a nuclear pore protein after labeling, which microscope should be used?
• What must occur for an enzyme to be reused after catalyzing a reaction?
• What can explain the presence of glucose in the urine of people with untreated diabetes mellitus?
• What happens to the energy present in macromolecules when they are broken down?
• Does ADP have the capacity to provide energy for the cell?
• What is the main component of an animal cell membrane?
• If the free energy change (ΔG) of a reaction is -31.45 kJoules, what does this indicate?
• The term for the energy required to destabilize existing chemical bonds and begin a reaction is called ________.
• The carbohydrate matrix in bacterial cell walls is linked together by what type of components?
• What describes a ribozyme that catalyzes a reaction on itself and changes shape?
• In which organelles would an enzyme that adds a palmityl group to proteins likely be processed?
• Which substance is able to pass through the outer membrane of mitochondria easily?
• What specialized channels allow for water movement across the lipid bilayer?
• What primary components form the lipid layer of cell membranes?
• What does the second law of thermodynamics state in relation to energy systems?
• If a dish of cells is treated with a centriole inhibitor, what process will they be unable to perform?
• Why does AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activate catabolic pathways when AMP levels are high?
• What is the main function of the cytoskeleton within a cell?
• What is the difference between an allosteric inhibitor and a competitive inhibitor?
• When an antibiotic inhibits enzyme activity by competitive inhibition, what is its effect on activation energy?
• In which bodily fluid is the concentration of solutes typically regulated within a narrow range?
• What is the main role of cell walls in bacteria?
• When the solute concentration of solution A is lower than that of solution B, solution A is considered?
• From which element is the term oxidation derived, and why?
• Which of the following statements about anabolic and catabolic reactions is true?
• Oxidation reactions are characterized by the gain or loss of what particle?
• What type of cell movement is involved in inflammation, wound healing, and blood clotting?
• In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, what is the reactant called?
• What outcome occurs when high levels of ATP are present in a cell cultivating its metabolic functions?
• Matthew noticed that his house plants were wilting badly. Which cell structure had most likely contracted?
• Which of the following is a requirement for facilitated diffusion?
• What property of membrane proteins contributes to their low solubility in water?
• What happens to cells in a hypotonic solution?
• Many antibiotics selectively kill bacteria and not mammalian cells because they block the synthesis of the ___.
• How does feedback inhibition function in metabolic pathways?
• The fluid nature of the membranes is attributed to which of the following?
• What drives the movement of ions across cellular membranes?
• Which factors affect membrane fluidity?
• During which cellular process do all three forms of RNA associate?
• What term is used to describe a cell in an isotonic environment?
• What is the reason magnesium salts help relieve constipation?
• What role does cholesterol play in cellular membranes?
• What cell structure is responsible for packaging and distributing proteins?
• In plant cells, where is the water primarily found when in a hypotonic solution?
• Why would a tissue export numerous proteins if its rough endoplasmic reticulum appears extremely rough?
• What is the likely reason for the yellow circle of dead grass observed after a salt and ice mixture spills onto it?
• If you start with a potential energy of 40 Joules at the top of the stairs, what will your potential energy be at the bottom?
• In the reaction where glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + NAD+ yields 1,3-biphosphoglycerate + NADH, what happens to NAD+?
• What type of junction allows communication between cardiac muscle cells?
• What type of protein mediates the transport of protons in a cellular process?
• What will occur if a cell with osmotic pressure of 4500 mmHg is placed in a solution with 3500 mmHg?
• If a phosphate group in a phospholipid is replaced by a fatty acid chain, what would be formed?
• How might an increase in laboratory temperature from 20°C to 30°C affect the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
• Which law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed?
• Which of the following correctly describes an essential property of ATP?
• During cellular respiration, what happens to the energy not converted into ATP from glucose?
• What would happen to a red blood cell placed in a hypertonic solution?
• A circular molecule of DNA surrounded by a membrane is characteristic of which type of organism?
• Which process describes the draining of energy from high-energy electrons?
• What is a calorie commonly used to measure in biology?
• In untreated diabetes mellitus, what happens to glucose levels in the urine?
• What type of reactions are characterized by the gain of electrons?
• Which process describes glucose filtration in untreated diabetes?
• In which type of organisms is mechanical strength provided by cell walls essential to counteract internal osmotic pressure?
• The organelle that can collect, package, modify, and transport molecules is called the ___
• If a cuboidal shaped cell has dimensions of 1mm x 1mm x 1mm, what is its volume?
• Streptomycin is an antibiotic that interferes with the function of the 30S subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome. What is the consequence of treating a bacteria with streptomycin?
• Which structure is involved in the modification and packaging of proteins?
• Which type of enzyme activity involves changing the molecule's shape to catalyze reactions?
• If a cell is stained with a dye that reacts with lysosomal enzymes, where else may the dye be found?
• A scientist creates an artificial cell with a selectively permeable membrane allowing only water to pass and injects a 5 M glucose solution. What effect would you expect to observe after an hour?
• What mechanism describes the role of AMPK in relation to energy levels in cells?
• Under standard conditions, how much energy can ATP release when converted to ADP?
• When comparing plant and animal cells, plant cells have more Golgi membranes because the Golgi apparatus is involved in the production of ___
• Why are competitive inhibitors important in drug design?
• Which organelle in liver cells is most directly affected by alcohol consumption?
• What best describes the action of a coenzyme?
• What type of cell structure is characterized by having ribosomes embedded in it?
• What is a likely reason why a reaction with a negative delta G takes a long time to occur without an enzyme?
• If a water molecule passes through the outer membrane of a chloroplast, how many more membranes will it have to move through to be in the stroma?
• What evolutionary process is responsible for the creation of chloroplasts and mitochondria?
• What is a distinctive feature of eukaryotes?
• In an exergonic reaction, what relationship can be indicated between reactants and products?
• Which scenario illustrates the second law of thermodynamics?
• What key role does glucose 6-phosphate play in the metabolic pathway?
• What type of transport requires carrier molecules and energy?